Ancient Egyptian theology often juxtaposed multiple conceptions of the divine in attempts to encapsulate the true totality of divine power. These different conceptions, which were usually outright contradictory, could be…
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The imprints of the Achaemenid empire are scant in the monumental records of Egypt, and this lack of evidence has presented a significant hurdle in our understanding of the relationship…
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Identity and religiosity are central themes in the study of the Judeo-Aramaeans of Elephantine, as evidenced by a large number of relevant publications in recent years. However, the institutional context…
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It is rather difficult to find Persians in Egypt. Surely there were some; for instance, six or seven satraps are known by name. But the longest serving of these, Arshama,…
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Various monumental royal inscriptions have survived from the First Achaemenid Period in Egypt (525–404 BCE), in which the Persian rulers are legitimized as Egyptian pharaohs. In addition to the texts…
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Eunuchs, (Greek εὐνοῦχοι) are a central feature in Classical depictions of the Achaemenid court. They control access to the royal family and guard royal children in Herodotos (3.77; 130; 8.104)…
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Scholars today generally continue to accept Pierre Briant’s influential description of a dominant Persian ethno-class as the topmost stratum of the Achaemenid empire. At the same time, a diverse corpus…
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The Achaemenid empire was the first world empire in history and one of the largest ever. But for most of modern archaeological investigation as a dicipline, it seemed to have…
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The diverse array of funerary traditions in Achaemenid Anatolia includes tombs with polychrome painted walls. With the exceptions of a few examples, however, most painted monuments in Lydia, Lycia, and…
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The history of Lycia in the Achaemenid period can be reconstructed only through brief mentions in Greek literature, stone inscriptions mostly in Lycian, large numbers of coins, and the remarkable…
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